MAN - LHE

£253 Find Cheap Flights from Manchester to Lahore

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a KAYAK user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight from Manchester to Lahore departing on 2/2. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel. Click the price to replicate the search for this deal.
1 adult
1 adult, Economy, 0 bags

KAYAK searches hundreds of travel sites at once for deals on flights to Lahore

 
These are the airlines KAYAK users have selected most often from within our search results in flight searches from Manchester to Lahore.
These are the airlines KAYAK users have selected most often from within our search results in flight searches from Manchester to Lahore.
Travellers love KAYAK
41 299 237 searches in the past 7 days on KAYAK

Save 25% or moreCompare multiple travel sites with one search.

Track pricesNot ready to book? Create a price alert for when prices drop.

Bundle and saveSave money when you bundle your flight + hotel.

Filter your dealsChoose cabin class, free Wi-Fi and more.

Everything you should know

Cheapest return fare
£505
Typical prices: £529-£692
Multiple Airlines
Sun 8/2Thu 26/2
MAN - LHE • 2 stops
Cheapest one-way flight
£253
Typical prices: £294-£373
Multiple Airlines
Mon 2/2
MAN - LHE • 2 stops
Video guide: How to find cheap flights to Lahore
Watch video
Watch video
Watch video
Watch video
Top airlines
Etihad Airways
Cheapest • from £507 (return)
Qatar Airways
Best reviews • 7.4 score
Airline reviews
Airline reviews
+1
+1
Airline reviews
Airline reviews
+1
When to book
7 weeks
in advance
Our data shows that travellers who book at least 7 weeks in advance save around 23% compared to booking last minute.
Insights
Insights
Insights
Insights
When to travel
September
Cheapest • 12% price drop
March
Most popular
Good to know
Good to know
+1
+1
Good to know
Good to know
+1
Start a new search
KAYAK searches hundreds of sites at once to find you the best travel deals.
We hope you love your trip to Lahore!
Flight Deals
Booking Insights
Flight Deals

Cheap Flights from Manchester to Lahore (MAN-LHE)

 
Here are some of the best deals found on KAYAK recently from the most popular airlines for return flights from Manchester to Lahore that are departing in the next months. While these flights were available on KAYAK in the last 72 hours, prices and availability are subject to change and deals may expire.
Discover the best prices for you by selecting your travel dates on KAYAK.

Recent return flight deals from Manchester to Lahore

Sun, 8 Feb - Thu, 26 Feb
Multiple Airlines Logo
17:00 - 05:25
MAN
-
LHE
31h 25m
2 stops
Multiple Airlines Logo
08:50 - 07:05
LHE
-
MAN
27h 15m
1 stop
£505Multiple Airlines
Sun, 22 Feb - Mon, 2 Mar
Multiple Airlines Logo
11:40 - 14:25
MAN
-
LHE
21h 45m
2 stops
Multiple Airlines Logo
04:15 - 12:15
LHE
-
MAN
13h 00m
1 stop
£505Multiple Airlines
Fri, 27 Feb - Mon, 16 Mar
Multiple Airlines Logo
14:15 - 19:30
MAN
-
LHE
24h 15m
2 stops
Multiple Airlines Logo
19:20 - 06:10
LHE
-
MAN
15h 50m
1 stop
£506Multiple Airlines
Wed, 25 Feb - Thu, 12 Mar
Multiple Airlines Logo
11:35 - 14:50
MAN
-
LHE
22h 15m
2 stops
Multiple Airlines Logo
19:20 - 06:10
LHE
-
MAN
15h 50m
1 stop
£507Multiple Airlines
Wed, 25 Feb - Mon, 2 Mar
Multiple Airlines Logo
14:15 - 19:30
MAN
-
LHE
24h 15m
2 stops
Multiple Airlines Logo
04:15 - 12:15
LHE
-
MAN
13h 00m
1 stop
£508Multiple Airlines
Thu, 5 Feb - Mon, 2 Mar
Multiple Airlines Logo
05:55 - 05:25
MAN
-
LHE
18h 30m
2 stops
Multiple Airlines Logo
04:15 - 12:15
LHE
-
MAN
13h 00m
1 stop
£509Multiple Airlines
Sun, 8 Feb - Fri, 6 Mar
Turkish Airlines Logo
16:50 - 08:40
MAN
-
LHE
34h 50m
1 stop
Turkish Airlines Logo
06:15 - 13:05
LHE
-
MAN
11h 50m
1 stop
£510Turkish Airlines
Mon, 2 Mar - Sat, 7 Mar
Etihad Airways Logo
13:40 - 03:10
MAN
-
LHE
32h 30m
1 stop
Etihad Airways Logo
19:20 - 06:10
LHE
-
MAN
15h 50m
1 stop
£511Etihad Airways
Mon, 23 Feb - Fri, 6 Mar
Etihad Airways Logo
13:40 - 18:15
MAN
-
LHE
23h 35m
1 stop
Etihad Airways Logo
04:15 - 17:55
LHE
-
MAN
18h 40m
1 stop
£512Etihad Airways
Mon, 23 Feb - Sat, 14 Mar
Etihad Airways Logo
13:40 - 18:15
MAN
-
LHE
23h 35m
1 stop
Etihad Airways Logo
04:15 - 17:55
LHE
-
MAN
18h 40m
1 stop
£513Etihad Airways
Booking Insights

KAYAK's insights & trends for Manchester to Lahore flights

Get data-powered insights and trends into flights from Manchester to Lahore to help you find the cheapest flights, the best time to fly and much more.

Find cheap flights to Lahore
Find cheap flights to Lahore

Planning a trip from Manchester to Lahore? KAYAK’s data-powered insights will help you find cheap flights. Learn the best time to fly, how early to book your ticket, and other tips to secure great prices.

How much is a return flight from Manchester to Lahore?

This analysis is based on the cheapest return trip price found on KAYAK in the last 12 months by searching for a flight from Manchester to Lahore departing in February.

What is the cheapest month to fly from Manchester to Lahore?

To calculate monthly average prices, KAYAK takes all prices for each month over the last year for round-trip flights from Manchester to Lahore, removes the top 0.1% to account for outliers, and then takes the median of all values for each month.

The cheapest month for flights from Manchester to Lahore is September, where tickets cost £552 (return) on average. On the other hand, the most expensive months are July and December, where the average cost of round-trip tickets is £775 and £730 respectively.

How far in advance should I book a flight from Manchester to Lahore?

To calculate weekly average prices, KAYAK takes all prices for each week before departure over the last year for round-trip flights from Manchester to Lahore, removes the top 0.1% to account for outliers, and then takes the average of all the values for each week.

To get a below average price on the flight from Manchester to Lahore, you should book around 7 weeks before departure, which saves you about 23% compared to booking last minute. For the absolute cheapest price, our data suggests you should book 22 weeks before departure.

Good to know - Cheap tickets from Manchester to Lahore

Low seasonAugust
Cheapest flight£253
Best time to beat the crowds but there is an average 8% increase in price.
Flight from Manchester to Lahore

When to book flights from Manchester to Lahore

Are your dates flexible? Find out the best times to travel from Manchester to Lahore based on our flight data from the last year. Discover the cheapest month and even day to fly.
Estimated return price
KAYAK looks at all historical flight data for each date to provide a predicted price for one-way trips or returns with a duration up to 40 days. While we try to provide actual minimum prices for each date, some prices are predictions and actual prices may differ.

FAQs for booking flights from Manchester to Lahore

  • How do I travel from Lahore Airport into the city?

    You can find the public bus services Route B-08 to the Auto Market and Route B-28 to Green Town stopping outside Lahore Airport, providing a low-cost travel option. You can also catch the Daewood Express service into the city or hire a Daewood cab. Tickets for Daewood bus or taxi services can be purchased at the Daewood Express Booking Counter in the Concourse Hall of Lahore Airport.

  • Is there anything to eat at Manchester Airport?

    If you’re looking for something to eat before you fly, you can find a range of restaurants and cafes in the Manchester Airport departure lounges. For example, you can find Bao Buns at The Grain Loft, or Tacos at Mi Casa Burritos, both in Terminal 1, or you can grab burgers from Burger King or Frankie & Benny’s in Terminal 2. If you’re just looking for a cup of coffee and a pastry, there is a Costa, Caffe Nero or Delice de France in Terminal 3.

  • What hotels offer an airport shuttle service to Lahore Airport?

    If you’re looking for accommodation near Lahore Airport, you can find the Grand Enclave within a 5min drive of the airport. For added convenience, the hotel also offers an airport shuttle service to pick you up from your terminal. Those who are looking to stay closer to the city centre can also find a number of options offering airport shuttles, including the Royaute Luxury Suites, the Green Fort Hotel or the Smart Hotel.

  • What passenger lounges are there at Manchester Airport?

    Those looking for somewhere to relax before their flight from Manchester to Lahore can find Escape Lounges in all terminals of Manchester Airport and the 1903 Lounge in Terminals 1 and 3. All lounges offer freshly prepared food and unlimited tea and coffee, however, the 1903 Lounges have a premium stocked bar and offer Security FastTrack passes with entry. To save money on your lounge pass, you can book online on the airport website.

  • What nearby places can I travel to from Lahore Airport?

    Upon landing at Lahore Airport, you can travel to nearby locations quickly by car. For instance, you can get to Sheikhupura in about 1 hour, Kasur in around 1h 10min or Raiwind in approximately 55min.

  • How can I save time at Manchester Airport?

    You can save time when you travel through Manchester Airport by opting for the fast-track service. This costs about £5 per person and enables you to skip the queues at security. You can also use the reserve-and-collect shopping service. This means you buy your duty-free items online before you get to the airport, and then collect the items once you’ve arrived.  

  • What is the cheapest flight from Manchester to Lahore?

    In the last 3 days, the lowest price for a flight from Manchester to Lahore was £253 for a one-way ticket and £505 for a return.

  • Which airports will I be using when flying from Manchester to Lahore?

    On your way to Lahore, you’ll fly out from Manchester. You’ll be landing at Lahore.

  • Which aircraft models fly most regularly from Manchester to Lahore?

    We unfortunately don’t have that data for this specific route.

  • Which airline alliances offer flights from Manchester to Lahore?

    SkyTeam, oneworld, and Star Alliance are the airline alliances operating flights between Manchester and Lahore, with SkyTeam being the most commonly used for this route.

  • What is the most popular stopover when flying to Lahore from Manchester?

    Istanbul is the most popular stopover city among KAYAK users travelling from Manchester to Lahore.

  • Which is the best airline for flights from Manchester to Lahore, Emirates or SAUDIA?

    The two airlines most popular with KAYAK users for flights from Manchester to Lahore are Emirates and SAUDIA. With an average price for the route of £763 and an overall rating of 8.1, Emirates is the most popular choice. SAUDIA is also a great choice for the route, with an average price of £586 and an overall rating of 7.4.

  • How does KAYAK find such low prices on flights from Manchester to Lahore?

    KAYAK is a travel search engine. That means we look across the web to find the best prices we can find for our users. With over 2 billion flight queries processed yearly, we are able to display a variety of prices and options on flights from Manchester to Lahore.

  • How does KAYAK's flight Price Forecast tool help me choose the right time to buy my flight ticket from Manchester to Lahore?

    KAYAK’s flight Price Forecast tool uses historical data to determine whether the price for a flight to Lahore from Manchester is likely to change within 7 days, so travelers know whether to wait or book now.

  • What is the Hacker Fare option on flights from Manchester to Lahore?

    Hacker Fares allow you to combine one-way tickets in order to save you money over a traditional return ticket. You could then fly to Lahore with an airline and back to Manchester with another airline.

  • What is KAYAK's "flexible dates" feature and why should I care when looking for a flight from Manchester to Lahore?

    Sometimes travel dates aren't set in stone. If your preferred travel dates have some wiggle room, flexible dates will show you all the options when flying to Lahore from Manchester up to 3 days before/after your preferred dates. You can then pick the flights that suit you best.

KAYAK’s top tips for finding a cheap flight from Manchester to Lahore

  • Lahore’s Allama Iqbal International Airport (LHE) is the major airport in the province of Punjab in Pakistan, located only 20min from central Lahore. The airport also acts as an alternative airport to Gujranwala, a 2h drive away.
  • Manchester Airport (MAN) has 3 passenger terminals. Before you arrive at the airport, you can figure out which terminal you are flying from by searching by your airline on the airport website. For example, Oman Air flies from Terminal 2 and Etihad Airways from Terminal 1.
  • Before your flight from Manchester to Lahore, those holding a British passport will need to apply for a visa. This can be done through the High Commission for Pakistan website. The visa will grant tourists single entry into Pakistan for up to 30 days.
  • Those looking for additional assistance with their luggage at Lahore Airport can hire a private porter. You can find the red Passenger Facilitation Services (PFS) kiosks at the baggage claim area and arrival lounges. Porterage services start at Rs 200 (£1) per bag.
  • If you are looking to pick up some of the local currency, Pakistani Rupees, after your flight from Manchester to Lahore, you can find currency exchange services at the PBS Exchange or Habit Bank, both located in the international arrival lounge of Lahore Airport.
  • Once you find cheap flights from Manchester to Lahore, you can get to the airport with ease before you take off. A great way for budget travellers is to catch the Northern Railway train, which takes about 15min. This leaves from Manchester Piccadilly train station regularly throughout the day. There is also the Stagecoach bus, which takes around 1 hour. Alternatively, you can travel by car on the A56, which takes about 25min.
  • If you want to hire a car once you land at Lahore Allama Iqbal International Airport (LHE), you must ensure you’re familiar with the rules of the road. For instance, those in the front seats need to wear seat belts throughout the journey. Whilst it isn’t mandatory for children to be in a child restraint, it’s strongly advised that you put small kids in a child seat. You should contact the car hire company before you arrive to ensure they can provide the equipment you need.
  • If you have a disability or a mobility issue and you’re travelling through Manchester Airport (MAN), you should request assistance at least 48 hours before you depart. This gives the airline plenty of time to arrange your help.

Reviews of the top 5 airlines flying from Manchester to Lahore

 
See real verified KAYAK customer reviews for airlines flying from Manchester to Lahore. Airline scores are aggregated from all reviews left by passengers on KAYAK after flying with an airline. KAYAK doesn’t show reviews that are older than 5 years. Learn how KAYAK collects reviews.
Need help choosing which airline to fly with from Manchester to Lahore? KAYAK airline reviews give an overall score for each airline based on loads of factors, including comfort, boarding, in-flight entertainment and more, to make your decision easier. See airline scores according to verified KAYAK customer reviews.
7.4
Qatar AirwaysOverall score based on 3731 reviews
7.5Boarding
7.4Comfort
7.4Entertainment
7.3Food
7.9Crew
Airline reviews

The boarding experience did not follow the Zones that were listed on the boarding passes. This was a two-level aircraft with many passengers. Because zones were not called out by the airline staff, there was simply a mob trying to board and it was not a pleasant experience.

10.0 ExcellentAnonymous, Jan 2026
BKK - DOH
Read more Qatar Airways reviews

The boarding experience did not follow the Zones that were listed on the boarding passes. This was a two-level aircraft with many passengers. Because zones were not called out by the airline staff, there was simply a mob trying to board and it was not a pleasant experience.

Our experience on the Doha to Hyderabad segment was extremely stressful due to prolonged delays and a lack of clear communication from the airline. We were traveling as a family, including children, and the uncertainty around timing and next steps caused significant distress. There was very little proactive information provided during the delay, and we were not given clear written explanations about what was happening or how long it might take. This made it difficult to manage the situation, especially while caring for children in a transit environment. In addition, one member of our party was ultimately unable to continue travel, which added to the emotional strain and disruption of the trip. Overall, the experience highlighted gaps in communication, customer care, and handling of unexpected situations. We are sharing this feedback so that future passengers, especially families, are supported with clearer communication and better assistance during irregular operations.

The seat cushions are absolutely lacking, not sure if they know the passengers are traveling for 14 hours straight, but the padding made our back and butt ache like crazy. The entertainment console had its own problems, either the headphone jack wasn't working or the power outlet via usb or ac outlet was not working. Not to mention the seat handles were not adjustable in some planes in the middle or on the aisle. Qatar/Indigo may be operating a very old fleet of planes to make as much profit as possible, but passengers may not be following them for long, should this treatment of its customers continue. Qatar/Indigo, wake up and do it right by your customers, or they may not be your customers anymore.

You are the best, keep up the good work. Thank you for allowing me and my family to fly with comfort.i am waiting for upgrade some day. Thanks again

It was little disheartening and disappointing. Although flight staff did a good job. But customer service didn’t do anything to resolve my issue.

Very efficient and professional staff. Food was good and so was entertainment selection.

Initial booking was confusing and had to get new CC issued.

Excellent service. The personal adaptation of menus and the individual timing of service of them is fantastic.

Seated in row 6 you are separated from business class close to the toilets. The is a high panel in front that obscures forward viewing, coupled with no window view. Service is limited as the area is not in view of the attendants. It is closer in proximity to economy than business class.

Good. It would be great if comfort seats were available

Horrible, by all accounts. Delays, lack of communication, just horrible.

They destroyed my baby’s stroller and the seats was broken

I had the worst experience I’ve ever had with any type of airline,they destroyed my baby’s baby stroller,that cost more than 2000$,the seats in a 13 hour flight was broken,so I definitely not recommend that airline for other people

The flight was delayed which cost me to missed my connection flight.

The planes are very cold. The AC is too much.

It was great honestly the cabin crew were warm and welcoming everything was perfect the food was nice.

Didn’t like anything about the flight: I am so frustrated at this point. Since 8 days I have been dealing with your customer service regarding my seat changes. I paid $51.10 for extra legroom seats and one fine morning I get an email that my seats have been changed. I tried to contact the customer service and they have been just fooling me around stating that my issue will be resolved. Saudia is the worst airline. Pathetic. On the day of my travel, I came at the counter and the guy told me that my seat assigned is 36A and my wife’s seat is different. He then changed my seats to 33A which is not at all a extra legroom seats. I asked the person is these seats are extra legroom he said yes and when I came to the aircraft I am sitting in a normal seat. The TCR Shameer Ansari or Sameeri Ansari came and did nothing telling me that he tried his best find a solution. I need someone to contact me ASAP and I need a refund for the entire flight. I don’t need your Al Fursan points they are worthless. Contact me ASAP.

I recently flew with Saudi Arabian Airlines, and it was truly an outstanding experience from start to finish. The staff were exceptionally polite, professional, and attentive throughout the journey. Check-in was smooth and well-organized, and boarding was efficient and on time. The cabin was spotless and comfortable, with plenty of legroom and a calm, welcoming atmosphere. The in-flight service was top-notch — meals were delicious and offered with generous portions, and the crew made sure every passenger was well taken care of. I also appreciated the wide range of entertainment options, including movies, music, and TV shows in multiple languages. The flight was punctual, and the overall experience reflected the airline’s strong commitment to hospitality and passenger satisfaction. Without a doubt, I’d highly recommend Saudia to anyone traveling within the region or internationally. Their service quality easily matches — and often surpasses — many top global airlines. I’m looking forward to flying with them again! ⸻ Would you like me to tailor it for a specific flight route or class (e.g., Economy, Business, Jeddah–Washington DC)? I can make it sound even more personal or detailed.

It was a disaster. The crew was so rude and had no professionalism. She dropped something onto the floor, then took it from the floor and put it into the food tray. Also, when she got some spilling, she went straight to the toilet, got some tissue and started cleaning the food trolley

I cant wait for planes to have shorter rows with more space! otherwise, all fine thankyou

From the start of my vacation at Logan Airport, Boston it was chaotic. I'm praying my flight home is better .I'm grateful that we landed safe

Nice crew , clean cabin , food was delayed due to problem with the quantity .

Kayak and Aran grant issuing business class tickets without lounge access and sometimes 1 or 2 connections in economy class. It’s very disappointing to find out that after buying the ticket. Never buy tickets on kayak and Aran grant again

We have paid premium price for a business class Cabinet and we have received the old 777 with the following apart business class that is not to standard. It was very disappointing and it’s a very bad reputation for a premium airline company. This aeroplane should be the commission from being as a business class. We will pass this knowledge to our colleagues because the quality of business class in Etihad is not consistent and it is a lucky dip that sometimes you’re getting a good aeroplane and sometimes you’re getting their 30 years old aeroplane. The crew of the aeroplane have apologise and said that they hate this aeroplane and they have complained about it multiple times as well. Obviously Etihad is putting the economy in front of the Customer Experience. For the future we will not take this risk anymore and will fly with established company like emirates.

It was fantastic. The flight from Chicago to Abu Dahbi was fantastic. The crew, food and service were amazing. Everything was handled by the crew member assigned to us , Nicholas, was usually done before we asked for it. Highly recommend Etihad!

Etihad Check In counter/Station manager in Heathrow was bothering and not helpful at all. They are rude and not customer oriented

I didn’t have a flight because it was a fraud and you allow it. Illl never use Kayak again!!!

Seat space was tight and uncomfortable. There was hardly any cushioning giving me a terrible tail bone ache. Getting and out was extremely cramped. We paid for seat choices and felt totally ripped off. Food was mediocre. By the time the servers served 2 or 3 rows they ran out of this or that option as we saw on the inbound trip also. This is infuriating. Entertainment choices were extremely limited for such a long haul. The screen froze on occasion and did not switch off when the on off button was pressed. When it did it came back on its own in 5 seconds. The airlines has gone downhill since last year.

Crew was amazing as usual. Very comfortable for a 13hour flight. Check in at ATL was terrible. Ticket counter charged me $200 for a small bag. Apparently Kayak sold me a zero luggage ticket. No carry on no checked. So the check in desk charged me a bullshit $200 dollar fee for a small gym bag weighing less than 20lbs. In true 3rd party ticket buying. This will turn into a finger pointing process between Kayak and Etihad. Now I'm going to have to ship my bag back in the mail a day ahead of my return flight.

excellent, the staff was kind and the boarding process was with no issues or hassle

It would be great if the flight attendants could inform people travelling with small children that at take off and landing the children should drink liquid or chew/swallow something so their ears don’t hurt. Also, Emirates serves the food to the children first. Really good idea. Best of all would be to put all children in the same area.

Nothing luxury about Turkish airline compared to many other airlines

The airline could improve its business class seats and privacy in line with its competitors.

The flight attendants were generally rude. I requested a blanket for my toddler and didn’t receive the blanket until about about 3 hours later into the flight after multiple asks for different crew!

The crew was not professional enough for that time. Multimedia connection had a problem frequently

The flight from Istanbul to Karachi was an old plane in which the seats don’t even come close to lying flat. It was uncomfortable - may as well have been economy, and a far cry from Qatar Airways that I’m used to. The food was mediocre and entertainment couldn’t even be used because there was zero privacy like in a normal business class, so it would feel as though everyone is watching the movie with you - which is awkward. I had to put my food tray out as a leg stopper to get into some sort of comfortable position to curl up and sleep, which is ridiculous. Unacceptable given the ticket still has a business class price tag.

Horrible, hated every part of it. They do not have business class- just tried to make one row. Boarding was a mess- felt like hungry people fighting for food. Will never ever travel in Indigo

Worse worse worse, i would not recommend this airline to anyone. Istanbul airport maybe State of the Art facility but staff is rude, only works if they get tips, and they push you to give tips even though my family had spent $50 in tips. Airline staff doesn't speak english so you really can't understand them. It was a nightmare travelling with Turkish. Never again.

They changed the return flight to the next day and it interrupted the plans we had in our connecting city.

The staff at IST airport could have been more helpful. Too much wasted time and the plane from IST to KHI was just horrible. The plane was not clean and smelled bad!

It’s the old style plane with the old Ying Yang seats doesn’t compare to other airlines with newer planes.

I was unable to board this flight because of visa changes that I was not alerted about and I’ve been unable to contact Kayak to obtain a refund / credit anything.

My touch screen at my seat wasn't working, the films BA advertised on the website for this flight were not available, and the plane was a little dated, food was good and the staff were good, just let down by the aircraft facilities.

The space in the seat was okay, the staff were friendly, the entertainment system, my touch screen was not working and some of the films listed on the website for the flight were not available.

Did not like the seating configuration at all with 2+3+2 in business class. Lacking total privacy and comfort

Check-in experience, for business call please provide a premium experience

Lost my luggage, ran out of food choices in business class, ground crew was completely unapologetic.

Excellent. The crew and flight were great. Checking in was easy and everyone was very helpful.

Late. And service was very slow - passengers sat for well over an hour with dirty trays etc surrounding them

Entertainment devices on A380 need to be fixed, the seats might do with updates.

Everything you need to know for your flight from Manchester to Lahore

Other airlines flying from Manchester to Lahore

Flights from the other most popular airlines that fly from Manchester to Lahore according to KAYAK users. Prices are the lowest found on KAYAK over the last 7 days. Price and availability are not guaranteed.